Manobo languages https://www.revolvy.com/page/Manobo-languages The Manobo languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. All go by the name Manobo or Banobo. Their speakers are primarily located around Northern Mindanao, Central Mindanao (presently called SOCCSKSARGEN) and Caraga regions where they are natively spoken. Some outlying groups make Manobo geographically discontiguous as other speakers can be located as far as the southern peninsula of Davao Oriental, southern parts of Davao del Sur and coastal areas of Sultan Kudarat. The Kagayanen speakers are the most extremely remote and can be found in certain portions of Palawan. Languages North: Binukid, Kagayanen, Higaonon, Kinamigin Central * East: Dibabawon, Rajah Kabunsuwan, Agusan * South: Ata, Matigsalug (Tigwa); Obo * West: Western Bukidnon, Ilianen South: Tagabawa, Sarangani, Cotabato, Tasaday Classification Elkins (1974:637) classifies the Manobo languages as follows. * Manobo * Northern * Kagayan (of Cagayancillo Island) * Kinamigin (of Camiguin Island), * Binukid (of central Mindanao) + Higaonon *Core branch * Southern * Tagabawa * Sarangani Manobo * Tasaday * Cotabato Manobo * East-West-Central * Western * Obo * Ilianen Manobo * Western Bukidnon Manobo * Livunganen (dialect spoken in Libungan, north of Midsayap, Cotabato) * East-Central * Eastern * Agusan Manobo * Dibabawon Manobo * Central * Ata of Davao * Matig Salug * Tigwa Manobo ABBREVIATIONS ELK|ZORC < Elkins:601-602 AGN|Ags = Agusan Manobo [EMb] ATA|Ata = Ata Manobo [CMb] BKD|Bkd = Binukid of Mindanao [NMb] CAG|Kag = Cagayano of Cagayancillo Island [NMb] CTM|K-C = Cotabato Manobo [SMb] ~ Kalamansig Cotabato (Reid) DIB{Dbw = Dibabawon Manobo [EMb] ILN|Iln = Ilianen Manobo [WMb] KIN|Kmg = Kinamigin of Camiguin Island [NMb] LIV|Liv = Livunganon Manobo [WMb] OBO|Obo = Obo (Mount Apo region) [WMb] SAL|M-S = Matig-Salug [CMb] SAR|Sar = Sarangani Manobo [SMb] TAG{Tba = Tagabawa (Mount Apo region) [SMb] TSY|Tas = Tasaday [SMb] TIG|Tig = Tigwa Manobo [CMb] WBM|WBM = Western Bukidnon Manobo [WMb] Reconstruction Elkins (1974) includes a reconstruction of Proto-Manobo, along with 197 etyma. The Proto-Manobo phonemes are (Elkins 1974:616): Consonants *p *t *k *? *b *d *g *m *n* *ng *l *r *s *h *w *y Vowels *i *u *e *a See also: Lumad people References: > Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Manobo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output > Elkins, Richard E. 1974. "A Proto-Manobo Word List", Oceanic Linguistics 13:601-641.